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Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has many positive effects, but overexposure of organisms can generate alterations in DNA, either directly or indirectly, inducing mutagenic and cytotoxic lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of UVA–B/visible light in the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), using the micronucleus (MN) test as a biomarker.Seventy two juvenile caimans,...
Synthetically produced perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are widely used in industrial products because of their anti-wetting and surfactant properties. PFCs are suspected carcinogens and a possible mechanism of action is generation of oxidative stress. We have investigated the potential of five different PFCs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to induce oxidative DNA damage in HepG2 cells...
The natural clay mineral montmorillonite (Cloisite ® Na + ) and an organo-modified montmorillonite (Cloisite ® 30B) were investigated for genotoxic potential as crude suspensions and as suspensions filtrated through a 0.2-μm pore-size filter to remove particles above the nanometre range. Filtered and unfiltered water suspensions of both clays did not induce mutations in the...
The phosphorylated form of the histone protein H2AX (γH2AX) plays a central role in sensing and repairing DNA damage and is a sensitive marker for DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Although a wide range of genotoxic agents that do not initiate DSB induce γH2AX, the range of chemicals that cause H2AX phosphorylation is not clear. We designed a novel, whole cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cell-ELISA)...
Although gasoline is an important contaminant of aquatic ecosystems, information concerning the potential effects of this petroleum derivative on the DNA of aquatic biota is lacking. The present study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of acute exposures (6, 24, and 96h) to gasoline water-soluble fraction (GWSF), diluted to 5%, on the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea. The comet assay...
Many xenobiotics and newly developed substances released in the aquatic environment have been found genotoxic for living organisms. There is interest in developing biomarkers of genotoxicity in different phyla and the need to increase our understanding of the impact of genotoxic insult on invertebrates, particularly on crustaceans. Freshwater invertebrates and particularly amphipods are highly relevant...
Micronucleus (MN) and comet assay can successfully detect the genetic damage in two different cell population of peripheral blood i.e. erythrocytes and lymphocytes. The present study was aimed to investigate the kinetics of MN formation as well as to identify the time of maximum MN induction in the peripheral blood erythrocytes in juvenile rats and thereafter to examine its relationship with the observed...
A new protocol has recently been developed and validated for the GreenScreen HC GADD45a-GFP genotoxicity reporter assay, enabling the incorporation of an S9 metabolic activation system into the assay. The S9 protocol employs flow-cytometric methodology for the detection of both reporter GFP fluorescence and propidium iodide fluorescence for the estimation of cellular viability. In the spirit of assay...
Recognition of the occupational hazards from exposure to the propellants hydrazine and monomethylhydrazine (MMH) has led to research into less toxic alternatives. Two hypergolic compounds, dimethylamino-2-ethylazide (DMAZ) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethanediamine (TMEDA), have been identified as possible replacements for MMH. We have obtained genotoxicity data for these compounds from in vitro and in...
In the present study we used a 6-min daily exposure of dipteran flies, Drosophila melanogaster, to GSM-900MHz (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications) mobile phone electromagnetic radiation (EMR), to compare the effects between the continuous and four different intermittent exposures of 6min total duration, and also to test whether intermittent exposure provides any cumulative effects on the...
Genotoxicity can be correlated with adverse reproductive effects or may even result in elevated extinction risk for particular species of an ecosystem. It may thus be a valuable tool for screening of pollution and potential environmental harm. Since many genotoxicants tend to adsorb onto particulate matter, sediments and suspended materials are of particular interest for genotoxicity screening under...
In the present study, we investigated the response of A549 (non-small cell lung-cancer), HepG2 (human hepatoma) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines to treatment with aclarubicin (ACL). The aim of this research was to compare the ability of ACL to induce apoptosis or necrosis in solid tumours. The mode of cell death induced by ACL was evaluated by flow-cytometry and fluorescence microscopy...
The dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan (−)-hinokinin (HK) was obtained by partial synthesis from (−)-cubebin, isolated from the dry seeds of the pepper, Piper cubeba. In view of the trypanocidal activity of HK and its potential as a lead compound for drug development, evaluation of its possible genotoxic activity is required. We have tested HK for possible genotoxicity and evaluated the compound's effect...
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